ArticleApoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death2026
M2pep-modified liposomal nanoparticles delivering siITGB4 induce apoptosis and inhibit NSCLC metastasis via macrophage reprogramming.
Article in Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- A zinc organic metal skeleton vaccine for lung cancer treatment can stimulate strong innate and adaptive anti-tumor immunity.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Hypoxic Endothelial-Cell-Derived Exosomal lnc-DKK3 Reprograms Tumor-Associated Macrophages via USP47/PD-L1/RelA Axis to Promote Glioma Progression.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) metastasis, driven by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), remains a significant challenge due to poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. This study developed DSPE-PEG-M2pep-modified liposomal nanoparticles (M2pep-LNP@siITGB4) delivering siRNA targeting integrin β4 (siITGB4) to reprogram M2 TAMs and induce apoptosis in NSCLC cells, thereby inhibiting metastasis. Cationic liposomes were prepared using thin-film hydration and ultrasonic emulsification, with M2pep peptides enhancing targeted delivery to M2 macrophages. In vitro, THP-1-derived M2 macrophages were co-cultured with A549 and NCI-H1299 cells, and the effects on macrophage polarization and tumor cell behavior were assessed via RT-qPCR, Western blot, and Transwell assays. In vivo, A549 xenograft and lung metastasis models were analyzed using IVIS, flow cytometry, and RNA sequencing. M2pep-LNP@siITGB4 downregulated M2 markers (CD206, Arg1, IL-10), upregulated M1 markers (CD86, iNOS), and increased CD8 + T cell infiltration. Silencing ITGB4 reduced GNB5 expression and FAK/Src/AKT phosphorylation, promoting apoptosis and inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). RNA-seq revealed 3494 differentially expressed genes, with suppressed ECM-receptor interactions. Tumor volumes and metastatic lesions were significantly reduced. This approach effectively reprograms TAMs, induces tumor cell apoptosis, and suppresses NSCLC metastasis, offering a novel nanomedicine-based strategy for enhancing anti-tumor immunity and improving therapeutic outcomes in NSCLC.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41774227What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.