Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41773100›Full record

ArticleCureus2026

Antibiotic Consumption and Gram-Negative Resistance Dynamics in the ICU: A Five-Year Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) Analysis.

Lejla Rakovac Tupkovic, Nijaz Tihic, Jasmina Smajic, Hedim Osmanovic, Mirela Basic Denjagic, Predrag Jovanovic, Emir Becirovic, Minela Becirovic

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In one paragraph

Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Lejla Rakovac TupkovicDepartment of Pharmacology, University Clinical Centre Tuzla, Tuzla, BIH.
Nijaz TihicDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, BIH.
Jasmina SmajicDepartment of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, BIH.
Hedim OsmanovicDepartment of Biostatistics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, BIH.
Mirela Basic DenjagicDepartment of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, BIH.
Predrag JovanovicDepartment of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, BIH.
Emir BecirovicIntensive Care Unit, Internal Medicine Clinic, University Clinical Centre Tuzla, Tuzla, BIH.
Minela BecirovicDepartment of Nephrology, Internal Medicine Clinic, University Clinical Centre Tuzla, Tuzla, BIH.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of hospital antibiotic consumption on the rate of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of gram-negative bacteria, specifically the

methodsA five-year retrospective, observational, pharmacoepidemiological study was conducted (2014 to 2018). Antibiotic consumption was calculated using the WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/defined daily dose (ATC/DDD) methodology and expressed as DDD per 100 bed-days (BD). Microbiological data were obtained for

resultsThe total antibiotic consumption at UCC Tuzla significantly increased from 61.35 to 73.51 DDD/100 BD (p=0.003). Consumption in intensive care units (ICUs) was significantly higher than the hospital-wide average (p<0.001), reaching up to 178.53 DDD/100 BD. ARIMA modeling confirmed significant positive correlations between the use of fluoroquinolones (J01MA) and resistance in

conclusionThe study demonstrates a significant temporal association between the volume of broad-spectrum antibiotic consumption and the escalation of AMR. The high selective pressure in ICUs identifies these units as primary reservoirs for multidrug-resistant pathogens. These findings highlight the importance of multidisciplinary antimicrobial stewardship programs and restricted use of reserve antibiotics to preserve therapeutic efficacy.

Indexed as

antimicrobial agentsantimicrobial drug resistancearima modelatc/ddd methodologygram negative bacteria

Identifiers

PMID41773100
PMCPMC12949948

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.