ArticleJournal of foot and ankle research2026
Establishing Normative Values for the Supination Resistance Test: An International Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in Journal of foot and ankle research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe supination resistance test quantifies the force required to supinate the foot and ankle. Although it demonstrates good to excellent intra- and inter-rater reliability and shows potential for predicting foot and ankle biomechanics during walking, assessing the biomechanical effects of foot orthoses, and distinguishing between healthy and pathological conditions, the supination resistance test remains underutilised in both clinical and research settings due to the lack of normative reference values. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to establish international normative values for the supination resistance test based on age and sex. A secondary objective was to compare supination resistance across age groups and between sexes.
methodsIn this international cross-sectional study, supination resistance was measured in 1198 healthy participants aged 18 years and older from North America, the Middle East, and Europe. Supination resistance was compared across age decades and between sexes using a two-way analysis of covariance, with body mass included as a covariate. Correlation coefficients and coefficients of determination were calculated to examine the relationships between supination resistance, body mass, and the Foot Posture Index.
resultsSupination resistance was greater in males than in females during the 3rd to 5th and 9th decades of life. In males, it increased from the 3rd to the 5th decade and then progressively declined. In females, it increased from the 3rd to the 6th decade, remained stable through the 7th decade, and then dropped sharply. Body mass accounted for 18.1% of the variance in supination resistance, whereas the Foot Posture Index accounted for only 0.3%.
conclusionsThe international clinical reference values established for the supination resistance test, stratified by age and sex, carry important clinical implications and may support clinicians in screening, monitoring, and managing foot and ankle musculoskeletal conditions. Future research should investigate whether deviations from these normative values represent a risk factor for the development of musculoskeletal injuries and explore the relationship between restoring supination resistance to normative levels and the reduction of clinical symptoms.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.