ReviewJournal of cardiothoracic surgery2026
Mini-compendium on goal-directed perfusion (GDP) based on a narrative review.
Review in Journal of cardiothoracic surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Progress in Understanding Brain Injury After Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Cardiac Surgery: A Narrative Review.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGoal-Directed Perfusion represents an evolving physiological framework for the management of cardiopulmonary bypass, designed to preserve tissue oxygenation and protect organ function through the integration of hemodynamic and metabolic control. This mini-compendium expands the concept by including all variables that directly or indirectly affect oxygen delivery, offering a holistic and quantitative view of perfusion adequacy. Traditional approaches based only on flow or arterial pressure fail to consider the complex interdependence between oxygen transport, utilization, and pressure-dependent microcirculation. Goal-Directed Perfusion integrates these dimensions into a single, physiology-based model that combines indexed oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, oxygen extraction ratio, and mean arterial pressure, together with composite indicators such as the oxygen delivery to carbon dioxide production ratio and the oxygen delivery to oxygen extraction ratio, as well as time–dose response analysis for oxygen delivery and arterial pressure. MATERIALS AND
methodsA narrative review was conducted to synthesize physiological principles, mathematical formulations, and clinical implications of these interrelated variables. Electronic searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2011–2025) identified studies analyzing oxygen and pressure-derived metrics during cardiopulmonary bypass.
resultsTwenty-six studies met inclusion criteria. Evidence confirms that indexed oxygen delivery remains the primary determinant of aerobic metabolism, while metabolic coupling ratios refine early detection of oxygen debt and the transition to anaerobic metabolism. The integration of time–dose models for oxygen delivery and arterial pressure quantifies cumulative deficits in perfusion, linking hemodynamic and metabolic domains into a unified assessment. Together, these variables define a multidimensional, predictive system for individualized perfusion management that aligns oxygen transport, metabolic demand, and perfusion pressure in real time.
conclusionsThis mini-compendium redefines Goal-Directed Perfusion as an inclusive and integrative approach that unites hemodynamic, metabolic, and temporal determinants of oxygen delivery into a single conceptual continuum. By encompassing all variables influencing oxygen transport, directly or indirectly, this model evolves from a collection of isolated indicators to a holistic, data-driven strategy for optimizing perfusion, minimizing oxygen debt, and preventing postoperative organ dysfunction. Such integration transforms perfusion from a static, flow-based practice into a dynamic and predictive physiology, establishing the foundation for a standardized, patient-specific model of care in contemporary extracorporeal management.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.