ArticleNPJ breast cancer2026
Heterogeneity and immune microenvironment of early invasive estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer reveal an immune-rich subset.
Article in NPJ breast cancer, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Breast cancer immunogenicity as a spectrum: evolving concepts and therapeutic implications.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Unraveling the intricate molecular mechanisms of sex hormones' roles in breast cancer pathogenesis: A review.Medicine · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Approximately 80% of all breast cancer cases are estrogen receptor-positive (ER+). This subtype is known to have distant recurrences in a subset of patients after adjuvant endocrine therapy, partially due to the heterogeneity of the disease. ER+ breast cancer has been generally classified as an immune-cold disease. Thus, to better inform treatment decisions and to consider the prospect of immunotherapy, the immune microenvironment needs to be thoroughly characterized. In this study, the proteome and transcriptome of the tumour and tumour microenvironment (TME) were characterized using the GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiler (DSP) and NanoString's BC360 gene expression panel. Spatially resolved tumour and TME across a patient's lumpectomy demonstrated substantial heterogeneity in the expression of commonly targeted immune and tumour proteins. Results from this study demonstrated heterogeneity across the tumour and TME in ER+ breast cancer, which may be reflective of a variable immune response.
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Registered trials
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