ArticleCurrent medical science2026
Using Immune Clusters for Classifying Heterogeneity of Immunity in Healthy Adults.
Article in Current medical science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveQuantification of immunity is a challenge in clinical practice due to the complexity and heterogeneity of immune cells. This study aimed to establish comprehensive reference ranges for immune indicators and characterize immune heterogeneity in healthy adults.
methodsA total of 115 healthy adults aged 18-65 years were enrolled. Sixty immune indicators encompassing natural immunity (NK cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells), cellular immunity (T cells, regulatory T cells, T follicular helper cells, T helper cells), and humoral immunity (B cells), along with nutritional and metabolic indicators, were simultaneously detected. Flow cytometry was used to measure the number, phenotype, and functional subsets of immune cells. Unsupervised k-means clustering was performed to identify immune subtypes. RNA-sequencing was conducted on representative individuals from each cluster for transcriptomic validation.
resultsThe reference ranges for 60 immune indicators were established, with over half (38/60) exhibiting coefficient of variation > 30%, indicating substantial heterogeneity. Gender differences were minimal, whereas age-related changes were pronounced in adaptive immune cells. Specifically, human leukocyte antigen DR-positive (HLA-DR
conclusionThis study provides a systematic framework for immunity quantification by establishing reference ranges and classifying healthy adults into three immune subtypes with distinct metabolic and transcriptomic features. These findings could enhance understanding of immune heterogeneity in healthy individuals and guide personalized immune monitoring and intervention strategies in clinical practice.
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