ArticleMaterials today. Bio2026
Charge/stiffness-tunable nano-microsphere overcomes intestinal mucosal barrier for rheumatoid arthritis treatment.
Article in Materials today. Bio, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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11 authors.
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Abstract
Intestinal drug delivery is a crucial route for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) therapy. However, its effectiveness is often hampered by the viscosity gradient of the mucus layer and the selective degradation and efflux functions of the epithelial barrier. To address these challenges, we developed a nano-microsphere system featuring charge- and stiffness-tunable multilayered vesicles (MLVs) encapsulated within pH-sensitive microspheres. The MLVs are engineered to traverse the negatively charged, viscosity-gradient mucus by sequentially shedding their flexible shells and undergoing a positive-to-negative charge reversal. This exposes a rigid, neutral core that enables multimechanistic endocytosis with potential for transcellular transport. The dynamic tunability of the MLVs is attributed to the incorporation of di-artesunate-phosphatidylcholine (DAPC) in the vesicle shell. LC-MS/MS analysis reveals that DAPC undergoes terminal hydrophobic chain carboxylation
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