ArticleInternational journal of ophthalmology2026
Positive/negative binocular fusional C-optotypes and 2D planar C-optotypes on transient accommodation and stability in adult eyes: implications for myopia prevention and control.
Article in International journal of ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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4 authors.
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Abstract
aimTo investigate the effects of binocular fusional C-optotypes (positive/negative) and 2D planar C-optotypes on the amplitude and stability of transient accommodation (TAC) in adults, and to provide a basis for non-contact myopia intervention.
methodsThis was a self-controlled study. Using red-blue 3D technology, four experimental stages were set up: Test A [fixating on the 1 m negative fusional C-optotypes, 8△ base-in (BI)], Test B (fixating on the 5 m planar C-optotypes), Test C (fixating on the 1 m planar C-optotypes), and Test D [fixating on the 1 m positive fusional C-optotypes, 20△ base-out (BO)]. A WAM-5500 open-field autorefractor was used to measure TAC and accommodative microfluctuations [evaluated
resultsA total of 21 subjects (7 males, 14 females; aged 23-41y) with normal binocular visual function were enrolled. The results showed that the TAC increased gradually across the four stages, and these values were Test A (-0.35±0.26 D)<Test B (-0.46±0.24 D)<Test C (-0.77±0.32 D) <Test D (-1.38±0.31 D). There were significant overall differences (
conclusionNegative fusional C-optotypes induce ciliary muscle relaxation to reduce TAC, while positive fusional C-optotypes enhance accommodation-convergence coordination to increase TAC. The red-blue 3D-based non-contact training mode exhibits good safety (median visual fatigue scores: 0-1 across all tests) and provides a novel dual-directional (relaxation-activation) strategy for myopia prevention and control.
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