ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Risk stratification by donor-derived cell-free DNA: a three-year single center study of kidney transplant outcomes from 257 patients.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Donor-derived cell-free DNA is an established blood-based biomarker used to assess alloimmune activity after kidney transplantation. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of 257 kidney transplant recipients that had at least one dd-cfDNA measurements during 3-year period. The primary aim was to assess the association between dd-cfDNA levels with graft function and survival. Secondary exploratory aims included examining the relationships between dd-cfDNA strata and biopsy-proven rejection, donor-specific antibodies, C4d deposition, and longitudinal eGFR trajectories. Patients were stratified by their highest dd-cfDNA measurement into three groups: <0.50%, 0.50-0.99%, and ≥1.0%. Results: Patients categorized in the ≥1.0% dd-cfDNA group had increased rates of rejection, more severe histopathologic injury, and a higher prevalence of DSAs. With the ≥ 0.50-0.90% dd-cfDNA group having greater variability and decline in eGFR over the 3 year period. In exploratory multivariable modeling, higher dd-cfDNA strata were associated with a decline in graft function and survival. Conclusions: Elevated dd-cfDNA levels were associated with adverse alloimmune and functional outcomes, including rejection, DSA positivity, and reduced graft survival (p=0.0071). A logistic regression model identified eGFR decline in the >1.0% group to predict long-term graft failure and patient survival (p=0.04). These findings support the clinical value of dd-cfDNA as a biomarker of alloimmune risk in kidney transplant recipients.
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