ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2026
Immunogenicity of Human Papillomavirus Virus Vaccine in a High-risk and Understudied Group: Female Sex Workers.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04590521 (Evaluation of HPV Vaccine Immunity in High-risk Women), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of HPV Vaccine Immunity in High-risk Women: a Pilot Study
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18 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFemale sex workers (FSW) have multiple sexual partners and are at higher risk of human papillomavirus virus (HPV) infection. They could be a target group for HPV vaccination, but their expected immune response to the HPV vaccine is unclear due to potential exposure to the virus.
methodsWe conducted a pilot study (NCT04590521) in Hai Phong, Vietnam to evaluate HPV vaccine immunogenicity among FSW aged 18-26 years. All participants received the standard 3-dose schedule (0, 2, and 6 months) of the quadrivalent Gardasil vaccine (4vHPV). Cervical swabs were collected at time of vaccination to detect high-risk HPV DNA and cervical abnormalities. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 2, 3, 6, and 7 months after the first dose to determine neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses to HPV16 and HPV18, as well as related HPV52 and HPV58.
resultsA total of 63 FSW with a median age of 23.4 years (IQR, 21.6-25.4 years) were recruited. Prevalence of any high-risk HPV type and HPV16/18 infection at baseline was 28.6% (18/63) and 9.5% (6/63), respectively. Following the first dose, 90% and 55% of individuals were seropositive for HPV16 and HPV18, respectively. By month 7, all participants were seropositive to both HPV16 and HPV18. Higher nAb responses were observed among HPV-DNA-negative participants at baseline compared with HPV-DNA-positive participants after 2 and 3 doses (HPV16, geometric mean ratio [GMR] 2.97 and 1.63, P < .05; HPV18, GMR 2.83 and 1.49, P = .06).
conclusionsThree doses of 4vHPV elicited robust nAb to HPV16 and HPV18 among FSW. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of HPV vaccination in FSW. Clinical Trials Registration.NCT04590521.
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