ArticleImplementation science communications2026
Prioritized barriers to implementation of personalized immunotherapy for sepsis patients.
Article in Implementation science communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSepsis remains a leading cause of mortality despite increased adherence to clinical guidelines. Personalized immunotherapy, tailored to individual immune profiles, holds promise as an adjunctive treatment. Understanding of barriers influencing decision-making is essential for developing appropriate implementation strategies to promote the uptake of personalized immunotherapy into routine practice. Identifying barriers early, before personalized immunotherapy is included in clinical guidelines, can help accelerate its implementation in the future. This study aims to prioritize these barriers.
methodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among healthcare professionals involved in the care of patients with infectious diseases. Using maximum difference scaling, 29 barriers were ranked according to their perceived relevance. The mean relative importance score of each barrier was calculated using hierarchical Bayes estimation for the total sample, as well as separately for groups with low versus high levels of experience with immunotherapy for patients with infectious diseases. These scores were used to rank barriers, with higher scores indicating higher relative importance.
resultsA total of 174 healthcare professionals completed the survey. The most relevant barriers identified were lack of protocols and insufficient scientific evidence. Regarding the remaining barriers, healthcare professionals with less immunotherapy experience prioritized individual-level barriers, such as insufficient domain knowledge, while those with more experience prioritized organizational-level barriers, such as insufficient priority from hospital management. Barriers related to team processes and patient outcome expectations were ranked low by both groups.
conclusionsThis study highlights the need for a multifaceted implementation strategy to effectively introduce personalized immunotherapy for sepsis patients. Strategies should be tailored to varying levels of immunotherapy experience of healthcare professionals.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.