Impact of armed conflict on women and children in Sudan: psychological, educational, and health crisis, 2023-2024.

backgroundThe armed conflict that erupted on April 15, 2023, in Khartoum, Sudan, between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), has resulted in catastrophic humanitarian consequences. Over 61,000 people have been killed in Khartoum State alone, and more than 8.2 million have been displaced, making it one of the worst displacement crises in the world. The violence in Khartoum, Darfur, Jazeera, and Kordofan, as well as in other states, has made women and girls more vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. Furthermore, children and teenagers have experienced major disruptions to their education, health, and future prospects.

methodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in Sudan, targeting women and children, from 1 December 2023 to 31 October 2024. The survey included 243 women and 122 children, and data were collected using a structured online submission form.

resultsAmong the surveyed population, 48.8% of women were aged 36 and older, and 11.6% were between 18 and 23 years old. Approximately 90% of them were in Khartoum on April 15, 2023, and reported significant psychological and physical impacts. Symptoms of depression among the surveyed included 47.8% experiencing loss of energy and 48% reporting loss of interest. 93.5% of participants reported sleep-related difficulties such as insomnia or excessive tiredness. Educational disruption was profound, with 74% of women still seeking solutions to resume their studies. Health challenges were also significant, with 27.4% of women suffering from chronic diseases and facing irregularities in medication intake due to the conflict. The impact of war on children was equally severe. The depression symptoms reported by their mothers included sadness or a low mood (19.7%) and irritability or anger (16.4%). There was a clear, significant difference (p-value = 0.000639) between children who witnessed armed conflict (87.6%) and those who were unable to continue their education (37.2%), as they were trapped within the country and unable to resume their education. Self-reported signs of malnutrition were a significant concern, with 44.4% of mothers reporting reduced food intake and 19.4% experiencing limited access to nutritious food for their children.

conclusionThe ongoing conflict in Sudan has sparked a severe crisis that is primarily affecting women and children, with expected repercussions at both the family and community levels. The violence has caused significant damage to health services, education, and mental well-being. Urgent intervention from civil society organisations and policymakers is essential to stop this devastating war and address the critical needs of those impacted by the conflict.