Observational studyNeurosurgical review2026
Pilot study on the application of augmented reality navigation for sacral neuromodulation and sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation.
Observational study in Neurosurgical review, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This pilot study evaluates the feasibility and efficacy of augmented reality navigation as an auxiliary tool for electrode implantation in sacral neuromodulation and sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation. A prospective single-center observational study was conducted involving four patients. AR navigation, utilizing the Microsoft HoloLens® 2 and specialized software, was employed for preoperative planning and real-time guidance during needle placement. Intraoperative fluoroscopy was reserved for final electrode position verification. Technical accuracy was assessed by calculating the Fiducial Registration Error (FRE). The mean FRE was 3.5 ± 1.75 mm, deemed clinically acceptable. AR navigation facilitated successful electrode implantation in all cases, significantly reducing intraoperative fluoroscopy time to 0.1 ± 0.1 min and mean radiation dose to 0.7 ± 0.5 mSv—an order of magnitude lower than standard fluoroscopy-guided procedures. The technology provided continuous 3D visualization, enhancing spatial understanding and procedural accuracy. Augmented reality navigation presents a promising, low-radiation alternative for complex neuromodulation procedures. It enables precise real-time 3D guidance, potentially improving safety and efficacy. Further standardization and multi-center studies are warranted to validate its clinical adoption and integration.
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