An integrated cubic Pythagorean fuzzy MAIRCA model with novel variation coefficient similarity measure for food safety risk assessment.

Food safety risk assessment is a complex multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) issue characterized by high uncertainty in both data and expert opinions. Traditional MCDM methods struggle to effectively manage this uncertainty and subjectivity. This paper extends the multi-attributive ideal-real comparative analysis (MAIRCA) method to an uncertain decision-making environment by embedding it within a cubic Pythagorean fuzzy (CuPyF) framework, integrating a variation coefficient similarity measure (VCSM) and the rank-sum (RS) method. Cubic Pythagorean fuzzy sets (CuPyFSs) are used to represent both precise and interval-valued information, enabling better uncertainty modeling. The proposed VCSM objectively determines criteria weights, while the RS method provides subjective weights, leading to balanced comprehensive weighting. The extended CuPyF-based MAIRCA method is then applied to rank alternatives and select the optimal solution. A food safety case study validates the model, demonstrating that it delivers stable, discriminative, and interpretable results, outperforming traditional MCDM models and offering policymakers a reliable and scientific tool for food safety risk management.