ArticleFrontiers in medicine2026
Subchondral bone repair potential of an osteochondral scaffold augmented with BMP-2 or strontium-enriched amorphous calcium phosphate: a co-culture
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Purpose: A collagen/collagen-magnesium-hydroxyapatite (Col/Col-Mg-HA) scaffold is currently used in the clinical practice to address osteochondral lesions (OCL). However, suboptimal bone regeneration still limits its overall reparative potential. The aim of this study was to test Methods: Human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were seeded on the differently modified scaffolds and unmodified material used as a control, and grown for 14 days in a co-culture system in the presence of primary osteoclasts and conditioned medium of endothelial cells. The potential of the BMP-2- and Sr-ACP-enriched scaffolds compared to the control was then evaluated in terms of MSCs adhesion and morphology, metabolic activity, osteogenic differentiation, and osteoclasts' markers expression. Results: Morphologically, both modified scaffolds sustained good cell adhesion. More secreted matrix was observed on the BMP-2 scaffold, together with higher metabolic activity and an upregulation of most of the evaluated osteoblast-related genes compared to the control and the Sr-ACP scaffold. Conversely, in the presence of the Sr-ACP scaffold, lower metabolic activity and a slower activation of osteoblast-related markers, together with a tendency to stimulate the osteoclasts' activity, was observed. Conclusion: Overall, both augmentation strategies were able to favor the adhesion and growth of MSCs compared to the unmodified scaffold, with the BMP-2-modified scaffold promoting more the differentiation of MSCs toward a mature osteoblastic phenotype than the Sr-ACP-modified scaffold, and the latter promoting more osteoclast activation.
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