ArticleCureus2026
Development and Pilot Use of the TOMARA Questionnaire for Midwifery-Led Assessment of Ankyloglossia in Newborns.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background Ankyloglossia, commonly known as tongue-tie, is diagnosed in neonates when a restrictive lingual frenulum limits tongue mobility and impairs function. This study presents initial data from the newly developed Greek-language questionnaire (Tongue Observation and Mobility Assessment for Oral Restrictions due to Ankyloglossia (TOMARA)), used in conjunction with the Assessment Tool for Lingual Frenulum Function (ATLFF). The objective was to document clinical examination findings of the infant oral cavity and the breastfeeding challenges experienced by each mother-infant dyad under midwifery-led management. Methodology The psychometric properties of the TOMARA questionnaire were evaluated by assessing internal consistency, construct validity, and predictive validity. Of the 347 neonates examined, 51 showed clinical indications of ankyloglossia; the diagnosis was confirmed in 48 cases, and 44 subsequently underwent frenotomy. The breastfeeding difficulties of the dyad were recorded before and after the intervention. Results The most frequently observed breastfeeding difficulties included poor latch (82.4%) and prolonged feeding duration (82.4%). Mothers frequently reported persistent pain during breastfeeding (84.3%), along with irritated (94.1%) and/or cracked nipples (39.2%). Functional limitations of the lingual frenulum were significantly associated with both maternal (p = 0.041) and neonatal symptoms (p = 0.004). In treated cases, most symptoms significantly improved or resolved. This was reflected in breastfeeding duration, with 86.4% of mothers continuing to breastfeed for more than six months, in alignment with World Health Organization recommendations. Conclusions Despite the relatively small size of our study, the findings suggest that effective management of ankyloglossia relies on the careful selection and thorough evaluation of tongue-tied infants. The functional performance of the lingual frenulum is associated with fewer breastfeeding difficulties for both mother and infant.
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