Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41755682›Full record

ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2026

Sex differences in Alzheimer's disease plasma biomarker levels and clinical utility.

Marta Milà-Alomà, Isabella Hausle, Alison Myoraku, Clara Sorensen, Pamela Thropp, Leslie M Shaw, Michael W Weiner, Duygu Tosun, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative

Erratum issuedAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Marta Milà-AlomàNorthern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5687-4597
Isabella HausleNorthern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, California, USA.
Alison MyorakuNorthern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, California, USA.
Clara SorensenDepartment of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Pamela ThroppNorthern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, California, USA.
Leslie M ShawDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Michael W WeinerNorthern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, California, USA.
Duygu TosunNorthern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8644-7724
Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative

Funding

Project 1U19AG024904 · NIA · NORTHERN CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE/RES/EDU · PI CLIFFORD R. JACK · 2016 to 2026
$226.7M
CIHRFoundation for the National Institutes of HealthNIBIB NIH HHSNIH HHS U19 AG024904
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionSex differences in Alzheimer's disease (AD) plasma biomarkers remain understudied despite higher AD risk in women.

methodsWe examined sex differences in plasma amyloid beta (Aβ)42/40, phosphorylated tau (p-tau)217, p-tau217/Aβ42, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light chain (NfL) in cognitively unimpaired (CU) and cognitively impaired (CI) Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative participants. For Aβ42/40, p-tau217, and p-tau217/Aβ42, we evaluated amyloid positron emission tomography positivity classification performance and associations with cognitive trajectories using sex interactions and sex-stratified models.

resultsAmong CU participants, men had lower Aβ42 and GFAP, and higher p-tau217/Aβ42. Among the CI group, GFAP, p-tau217 and p-tau217/Aβ42 were higher in women. Overall classification performance was similar across sexes; however, p-tau217 and p-tau217/Aβ42 showed higher specificity and positive predictive value in CU women, with the opposite pattern observed in CI participants. In CU participants, p-tau217 and p-tau217/Aβ42 predicted modified Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite decline only in women. DISCUSSION: Sex-specific plasma biomarker cutoffs may not be necessary. However, sex influences biomarker levels, classification metrics, and prognostic value, highlighting the importance of considering sex differences when interpreting biomarker results and optimizing trial enrichment strategies.

Indexed as

Alzheimer DiseaseAmyloid beta-PeptidesSex CharacteristicsAgedAged, 80 and overBiomarkersCognitive DysfunctionFemaleGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinHumansMaleNeurofilament ProteinsPeptide FragmentsPositron-Emission Tomographytau ProteinsAmyloid beta-Peptidesamyloid beta-protein (1-42)BiomarkersGFAP protein, humanGlial Fibrillary Acidic Proteinneurofilament protein LNeurofilament ProteinsPeptide Fragmentstau ProteinsAlzheimer's diseaseblood‐based biomarkersclinical trialsdiagnosticpreclinicalprodromalprognosticsex

Identifiers

PMID41755682
PMCPMC12946813

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.