ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2026
A Dual-Mode Near-Infrared Optical Probe and Monte Carlo Framework for Functional Monitoring of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Addressing Diagnostic Ambiguity and Skin Tone Robustness.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Method of spatial scanning of modulated laser radiation for outline imaging of interphalangeal joints.Journal of biomedical optics · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Current diagnostic modalities for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and ultrasound (US), excel at visualizing structural pathology but are either resource-intensive or often limited to morphological assessment. In this work, we present the design and technical validation of a low-cost continuous-wave near-infrared (NIR) dual-mode optical probe for functional monitoring of joint inflammation. Unlike superficial imaging, NIR light penetrates approximately 3-5 cm and is tissue and wavelength dependent, enabling trans-illumination of the synovial volume. The system combines reflectance and transmission geometries to resolve the ambiguity between disease presence and disease severity. To validate the diagnostic logic, we employed mcxyzn Monte Carlo (MC) simulations to model the optical signature of RA progression from early onset to EULAR-OMERACT grade 2 pannus hypertrophy on a simplified finger model, based on several tissue models in the literature and supported by physical measurements on a multilayer silicone phantom and in vivo signal verification on human volunteers. Our results demonstrate a distinct functional dichotomy: reflectance geometry serves as a binary discriminator of synovial turbidity onset, while transmission flux serves as a monotonic proxy for pannus volume, exhibiting a quantifiable signal decay consistent with the Beer-Lambert law. Signal verification on a subject with confirmed RA pathology demonstrated a significant increase in the effective attenuation coefficient (µeff ~ 0.59 mm
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