ReviewPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2026
The Advances in Novel Delivery Strategies for Hirudin Against Cardiovascular Diseases.
Review in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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8 authors.
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Abstract
The natural polypeptide drug hirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor, exhibits potent anticoagulant, anti-myocardial fibrotic, and anti-inflammatory effects in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but its clinical application remains limited by its low bioavailability, insufficient targeting capability, and bleeding risk. In recent years, the development of nanotechnology has enabled peptide drug delivery systems to demonstrate substantial promise in medical practice. Significant progress has been made in overcoming limitations and enhancing therapeutic efficacy against CVD through the use of Hirudin-based drug delivery systems by addressing drug stability in vivo, improving targeting ability, and ultimately achieving responsive release. This paper systematically reviews the mechanisms of action, clinical applications, and novel delivery strategies of the peptide drug hirudin in the treatment of CVD, with a particular focus on recent advances in hirudin-based drug delivery systems, and it also looks forward to future research directions for hirudin delivery systems, including the development of scalable intelligent carriers, the construction of real-time feedback systems, and the establishment of standardized in vitro and in vivo evaluation systems, aiming to present novel strategies for safe and efficient treatment of CVD.
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