Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41754571›Full record

ArticleViruses2026

Oral Immunization with the C488A Live-Attenuated Mutant of Coxsackievirus B4E2 (CVB4E2) Induces Potent Immune Response and Protects Balb/c Mice Against Lethal Infection.

Jawhar Gharbi, Ikbel Hadj Hassine, Mouna Hassine, Anwar Al-Bashir, Reem Al-Chahri, Ameera Al-Yami, Mohamed Al-Malki, Noureddine Chatti, Didier Hober, Manel Ben M'hadheb

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Article in Viruses, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Jawhar GharbiDepartment of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0001-9170-3403
Ikbel Hadj HassineDepartment of Virology, Health Sciences College, Western University, 1393 Western Road, London, ON N6G 3K7, Canada.ORCID 0000-0003-1992-7976
Mouna HassineVirology and Antiviral Strategies Unit UR17ES30, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, B.P 74, Tahar Haddad Street, Monastir 5000, Tunisia.
Anwar Al-BashirDepartment of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
Reem Al-ChahriDepartment of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
Ameera Al-YamiDepartment of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
Mohamed Al-MalkiDepartment of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0003-0746-488X
Noureddine ChattiVirology and Antiviral Strategies Unit UR17ES30, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, B.P 74, Tahar Haddad Street, Monastir 5000, Tunisia.
Didier HoberLaboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, University of Lille, CHU Lille, 59120 Loos, France.ORCID 0000-0002-4301-2074
Manel Ben M'hadhebDepartment of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

King Faisal University DSR-KFU
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

objectivesCoxsackievirus B4 (CVB4), a member of the MATERIALS AND

methodsWe engineered six CVB4E2 mutants by introducing single nucleotide mutations in domain V of the IRES sequence using PCR-based site-directed mutagenesis assays. Mutants were rigorously evaluated in vitro for their replicative capacities on HeLa cell culture and for their in vitro translation efficiencies in standard rabbit reticulocyte lysates supplemented with HeLa cell S10 extracts. Using different strategies of immunization and lethal challenges in a Balb/c mice model, we evaluated the immune responses elicited by the most attenuated C488A mutant strain.

resultsThe obtained results demonstrated that the live-attenuated C488A mutant with the single mutation C to A at nucleotide position 488 of the viral IRES sequence exhibited a significant reduction in vitro of both viral productivity and translation efficiency. The oral immunization with the live-attenuated C488A mutant induced a potent immune response and protected Balb/c mice against lethal infection challenge with a pathogenic strain.

conclusionsThese findings underscored the critical role of IRES in CVB4 virulence and highlighted the use of the live-attenuated C488A mutant strain as a promising candidate for developing a live-attenuated vaccine against CVB4 infections.

Indexed as

Coxsackievirus InfectionsEnterovirus B, HumanViral VaccinesAdministration, OralAnimalsAntibodies, ViralDisease Models, AnimalFemaleHeLa CellsHumansInternal Ribosome Entry SitesMiceMice, Inbred BALB CMutationVaccines, AttenuatedVirulenceAntibodies, ViralInternal Ribosome Entry SitesVaccines, AttenuatedViral VaccinesBalb/c miceCVB4immunizationlive-attenuated mutantreplicationtranslationvaccinevirulence

Identifiers

PMID41754571
PMCPMC12945152

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.