Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41754525›Full record

ArticleViruses2026

Measles Virus Genotypes Causing Outbreaks in Tanzania, 2022-2024.

Fausta S Michael, Maria E Kelly, Lawrence A Mapunda, Monica F Francis, Naimi H Mbogo, Azizi H Ituka, Kelvin A Tenga, Ambele E Mwafulango, Mariam M Mirambo, Stephen E Mshana and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Viruses, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Fausta S MichaelImmunization and Vaccine Development (IVD) Programme, Ministry of Health, Dodoma P.O. Box 743, Tanzania.
Maria E KellyWorld Health Organization, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9292, Tanzania.ORCID 0000-0002-1073-8864
Lawrence A MapundaNational Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9083, Tanzania.
Monica F FrancisNational Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9083, Tanzania.
Naimi H MbogoWorld Health Organization, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9292, Tanzania.
Azizi H ItukaNational Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9083, Tanzania.
Kelvin A TengaNational Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9083, Tanzania.
Ambele E MwafulangoNational Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9083, Tanzania.
Mariam M MiramboDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania.
Stephen E MshanaDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania.ORCID 0000-0002-7526-6271
Gerald MisinzoSACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3000, Tanzania.ORCID 0000-0003-1827-6403

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Globally, 24 measles virus genotypes have been detected, and these genotypes have been classified into eight clades based on 450 nucleotides of the C-terminal region of the nucleoprotein gene. Genotype B3 is predominant in Africa, but there are limited data from Tanzania since the introduction of the second dose of measles-containing vaccine in 2014. A total of 129 nasopharyngeal samples and corresponding sera were collected during measles outbreaks between 2022 and 2024. Viral RNA was extracted from nasopharyngeal swabs prior to RT-qPCR and sequencing of a 450-nucleotide segment of the nucleoprotein (N) gene. Out of 129 nasopharyngeal samples, 73 (56%) were successfully amplified and identified as endemic measles virus genotype B3. Nine distinct sequence identifiers were detected, with seven reported for the first time in the MeaNS database. All the Tanzanian B3 sequences were closely related and clustered with genotype B3, similar to those reported from Kenya, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, and South Africa. On multivariate analysis, only inpatient admission status (

Indexed as

Disease OutbreaksGenotypeMeaslesMeasles virusHumansNasopharynxPhylogenyRNA, ViralTanzaniaRNA, Viralgenotypesmeasles virusnucleoprotein geneTanzania

Identifiers

PMID41754525
PMCPMC12944929

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.