Deconfounding Phenology in SPAD-Based Rice Nitrogen Diagnosis Using Physiological Time and Canopy-Stratified Measurements.

Chengyingying Qin, Haitao Xiang, Qiaoyi Huang, Yuan Wang

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Plants (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Chengyingying QinState Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.

Haitao XiangState Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.ORCID 0009-0002-7739-1663

Qiaoyi HuangInstitute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.

Yuan WangState Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.

Funding

Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Young Scientific and Technological Talent Culti-vation Project R2023PY-QN005National Key Research and Development Program of China 2023YFD1500804National Natural Science Foundation of China 32072681Science Foundation of Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences ISSAS2406

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Phenology can confound rice nitrogen diagnosis based on SPAD readings because leaf greenness and nitrogen concentration change nonlinearly with development. We tested whether physiological time, expressed as growing degree days (GDD), can reduce this developmental bias and improve the portability of SPAD-based diagnosis. We analyzed 1141 observations from 20 independent field experiments across five sites, spanning japonica, indica, and hybrid cultivars and nitrogen fertilizer treatments (0-300 kg N ha

Indexed as

critical nitrogen dilutiongrowing degree daysmachine learningnitrogen nutrition indexphysiological timericeSPAD

Identifiers

PMID41754298

DOI10.3390/plants15040591

PMCPMC12943993

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.