Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41754202›Full record

ReviewNutrients2026

Obesity, Bariatric Surgery, and Cancer Risk: Nutritional Perspectives and Long-Term Clinical Implications.

Claudia Reytor-González, Gerardo Sarno, Martha Montalvan, Ludovica Verde, Giuseppe Annunziata, Luigi Barrea, Giovanna Muscogiuri, Daniel Simancas-Racines

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Nutrients, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Claudia Reytor-GonzálezFacultad de Ciencias de la Salud y Bienestar Humano, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Ambato 180150, Ecuador.ORCID 0009-0007-4234-5524
Gerardo Sarno"San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona" University Hospital, Scuola Medica Salernitana, 84131 Salerno, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-1161-0846
Martha MontalvanEscuela de Medicina, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón 0901952, Ecuador.
Ludovica VerdeCentro Italiano per la Cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O.), Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia ed Andrologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-4583-8283
Giuseppe AnnunziataDepartment for the Promotion of Human Sciences and Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-1922-662X
Luigi BarreaDepartment of Psychology and Health Sciences, Centro Direzionale, Università Telematica Pegaso, 80143 Naples, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-9054-456X
Giovanna MuscogiuriCentro Italiano per la Cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O.), Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia ed Andrologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
Daniel Simancas-RacinesFacultad de Ciencias de la Salud y Bienestar Humano, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Ambato 180150, Ecuador.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Obesity is recognized as a causal risk factor for the development of multiple cancers, with risk magnitude varying by tumor site, sex, life stage, and adipose tissue distribution. This narrative review synthesizes recent epidemiological evidence linking excess body fatness with cancer incidence and mortality and integrates the biological mechanisms that explain this association. Chronic low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance with compensatory hyperinsulinemia, dysregulation of adipose-derived hormones and sex steroids, impairment of anti-tumor immune responses, alterations in the gut microbiota, and remodeling of the tumor microenvironment collectively create conditions that favor tumor initiation and progression. Bariatric surgery is the most effective clinical intervention for achieving substantial and sustained weight loss in individuals with severe obesity, and growing evidence indicates that it is associated with a reduction in overall cancer risk and cancer-related mortality, particularly for malignancies strongly linked to obesity. However, the extent of this benefit differs by surgical technique and remains less consistent for colorectal cancer. Beyond metabolic improvements, bariatric surgery produces long-term changes in nutritional physiology that may also influence oncologic outcomes. Persistent deficiencies of micronutrients such as iron, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin D, and calcium can affect DNA synthesis, methylation, oxidative balance, and cellular repair. Altered protein and energy intake may contribute to loss of lean mass and reduced metabolic resilience, while changes in alcohol absorption and metabolism can increase systemic exposure to ethanol and its carcinogenic metabolites. In addition, bariatric surgery induces sustained remodeling of the gut microbiome and bile acid metabolism, which may further modulate tumorigenic signaling. Overall, the oncological impact of bariatric surgery reflects a balance between metabolic improvement and long-term nutritional management, underscoring the need for structured follow-up and targeted nutritional strategies to optimize cancer risk reduction.

Indexed as

Bariatric SurgeryNeoplasmsObesityGastrointestinal MicrobiomeHumansNutritional StatusRisk FactorsWeight Lossbariatric surgerycancer riskgut microbiotainflammationinsulin resistancemicronutrient deficienciesobesity

Identifiers

PMID41754202
PMCPMC12943767

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.