ArticleMicroorganisms2026
Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome as Independent Risk Factor for Pneumococcal Pneumonia: Evidence from a Territory-Wide Study.
Article in Microorganisms, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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8 authors.
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Abstract
Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome is an increasingly recognized condition that highlights the interaction between three important medical co-morbidities. Whether the presence of CKM syndrome may increase the risk of in-hospital adverse outcomes in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia has not been investigated. We conducted a territory-wide retrospective study on adults hospitalized for pneumococcal pneumonia between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2024 in Hong Kong. In-patient mortality, severe respiratory failure (SRF) and acute kidney injury (AKI) were compared among patients with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome at different stages. Subgroup analyses were performed in patients who have or have not received a pneumococcal vaccine. In total, 2192 patients were hospitalized for pneumococcal pneumonia in the study period, with 1005 (45.8%), 373 (17.0%), 684 (31.2%) and 130 (5.9%) at stage 0-1, 2-3, 4a and 4b CKM syndrome. A higher stage of CKM syndrome was associated with increased risks of death during index admission, SRF and AKI. The adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for CKM stage 4a and 4b for death during index admission were 1.82 (95% CI 1.25-2.64) and 10.92 (95% CI 6.82-17.49) respectively (
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