ArticleMicroorganisms2026
Changing Clinical Spectrum of Invasive Meningococcal Disease in France (2014-2025): Impact of Age and Meningococcal Lineage on Atypical Presentations.
Article in Microorganisms, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
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3 authors.
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Abstract
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is classically associated with meningitis and septic shock, but an increasing proportion of cases present with atypical, extra-meningeal manifestations. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, major epidemiological shifts have occurred in France, including a rebound in IMD incidence and changes in circulating serogroups and clonal complexes. We conducted a nationwide retrospective study including all laboratory-confirmed IMD cases analysed by the French National Reference Centre between July 2014 and June 2025. Clinical presentations were coded as non-exclusive entities. Associations with age, serogroup, clonal complex, antimicrobial susceptibility and early mortality (≤72 h) were assessed using descriptive analyses and multivariable logistic regression models. Among 4328 IMD cases, sepsis/shock (61.1%) and meningeal involvement (54.9%) predominated, while atypical forms were frequent, including bacteraemic pneumonia (7.7%), abdominal presentations (8.0%) and arthritis (6.0%). Bacteraemic pneumonia was strongly associated with older age and serogroups W and Y, whereas abdominal forms predominated in adolescents and young adults and were independently associated with serogroups W and Y and clonal complex (cc) cc11. Abdominal presentations were independently associated with early mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.40) but not meningococcal pneumonia. Abdominal presentations were associated with serogroup W (aOR 2.27; 95% CI 1.35-3.83) and serogroup Y (aOR 2.92; 95% CI 1.79-4.75) and with cc11 (aOR 1.77; 95% CI 1.07-2.94). In contrast, cc23 was associated with lower odds of abdominal involvement (aOR 0.42; 95% CI 0.25-0.70). Overall, atypical presentations now represent a substantial proportion of IMD in France and are strongly shaped by age and meningococcal lineage. These findings highlight diagnostic challenges, prognostic heterogeneity and the need for continued integrated clinical, microbiological and genomic surveillance in the context of evolving vaccination strategies.
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