ArticleLife (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Brainstem Raphe Echogenicity and Insomnia in Type 2 Diabetes: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in Life (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with increased vulnerability to depression and other affective disturbances, potentially mediated by neurobiological alterations in the serotonergic brainstem raphe nuclei. This study examined whether raphe hypoechogenicity, assessed by transcranial sonography, is associated with depressive, anxiety, and sleep-related symptoms in individuals with T2DM, and whether such alterations are linked to diabetes-related complications.
methodsThis cross-sectional study included 230 participants with T2DM and non-diabetic controls. Raphe echogenicity was assessed using transcranial sonography (TCS), and mental health outcomes were measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) and the Emotional Well-Being Questionnaire (EWQ). To address demographic imbalance, analyses were repeated in a propensity score-adjusted subsample (n = 89).
resultsRaphe hypoechogenicity was associated with higher insomnia scores (EWQ6; β = 0.67,
conclusionsIn this exploratory cross-sectional sample, reduced raphe echogenicity was not associated with overall depressive or anxiety symptom severity, but was associated with higher self-reported sleep-related symptom burden. However, this association was not robust to adjustment for sleep medication use or to correction for multiple comparisons. These findings are hypothesis-generating and require replication in larger, longitudinal and medication-naive cohorts using standardized sleep instruments.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.