ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
Immune Checkpoint Signatures Reveal Stage-Specific Biomarkers for High-Activity Multiple Sclerosis.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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14 authors.
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Abstract
The early identification of patients with highly active multiple sclerosis (HAMS) is crucial for guiding therapeutic decisions and initiating high-efficacy treatment strategies. This study aimed to characterize peripheral immune profiles that can distinguish between patients who are candidates for intensive therapy at disease onset and in later stages. Using spectral flow cytometry, we identified distinct immune signatures to differentiate early-stage patients from those with refractory, long-standing disease. In newly diagnosed individuals, decreased herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) expression on effector T helper (Th) cells distinguished HAMS from non HAMS cases. In contrast, patients with therapeutic resistance exhibited reduced CD28 expression on naïve regulatory and CD8
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