Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41751959›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2026

A Retrospective Toxicology Study of Polysubstance Use Patterns Associated with Xylazine.

Wanzhu Zhao, Carlos Goncalves, Emily Ruggiano, Trenton Deanna, Elnaz Navid, Fabiola Estrada, Austin Rawlings, Monte Thompson, Andrew Monte, Uwe Christians

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Wanzhu ZhaoiC42 Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Carlos GoncalvesiC42 Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Emily RuggianoiC42 Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Trenton DeannaiC42 Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Elnaz NavidiC42 Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Fabiola EstradaiC42 Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Austin RawlingsiC42 Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Monte ThompsoniC42 Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Andrew MonteRocky Mountain Poison & Drug Safety, Denver, CO 80045, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6210-8418
Uwe ChristiansiC42 Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7297-147X

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In recent years, xylazine has emerged as a cutting agent combined with illicit drugs to extend their effects. The present study aimed to discover drug use patterns associated with xylazine-positive and -negative urine toxicology drug screens and to assess whether xylazine can be used as a marker for exposure to designer drugs/new psychoactive substances in our study population. This is a retrospective analysis of urine toxicology results from two different analytical platforms: a targeted, structurally confirmatory, high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay that quantifies 136 drugs and metabolites including xylazine; and a non-targeted ThermoFisher Orbitrap Tribrid mass spectrometry system (Thermo Scientific

Indexed as

Illicit DrugsSubstance Abuse DetectionSubstance-Related DisordersXylazineChromatography, High Pressure LiquidFemaleHumansLiquid Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryRetrospective StudiesTandem Mass SpectrometryIllicit DrugsXylazinebiomarkerLC-MS/MSnovel psychoactive substancespolysubstance abuseurine drug testingxylazine

Identifiers

PMID41751959
PMCPMC12940337

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.