ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
Molecular Characterization of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Viruses Circulating in Bulgaria During 2024-2025: Evidence for Hidden Circulation and Zoonotic Risk Markers.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Genetic Determinants Analysis of PB1 and PB2 Genes in H5N1 Avian Influenza Strains from Romania.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus HPAI A(H5N1) genotype AF was detected in southern Europe during the 2021/2022 season and spread widely. It emerged in Bulgaria in 2022/2023, mainly affecting mallard ducks. The DA genotype of the virus was detected in a diverse group of birds, including wild birds, zoo birds, and domestic poultry, across a wide area of eastern and southern Europe in 2023. In Bulgaria, following its introduction in 2023, the DA genotype became the predominant virus in laying hens. During 2024-2025, DA spread throughout the country, displacing AF from mallard flocks. The predominant subtype in Europe in 2025 was H5N1 genotype DI.2. This genotype became dominant after December 2024, accounting for over 90% of viruses within the EA-2024-DI genotype lineage, and has been detected in a wide range of bird species. In Bulgaria, DI.2 was identified in only one outbreak in a flock of laying hens in autumn 2024 and in a single case involving a western marsh harrier (
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.