ArticleGenes2026
Phylogenetic Reconstructions Based on Mitogenomes Reveal the Paraphyly of the Subfamily Isotominae of Isotomidae (Collembola: Entomobryomorpha).
Article in Genes, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundIsotomidae is one of the most common Collembola families, comprising 1484 species belonging to four subfamilies: Isotominae, Proisotominae, Anurophorinae, and Pachyotominae, while the subfamilial classification remains contentious and lack of molecular phylogenetic evidence.
methodsWe sequenced and assembled the mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of three species (
resultsThese new mitogenomes, with lengths of 15,741 bp, 16,295 bp, and 16,765 bp, respectively, exhibit the typical metazoan gene set (13 PCGs, 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs) and show high structural conservation with other Collembola species. However, phylogenetic analyses based on concatenated protein-coding genes revealed significant incongruence with traditional classification. While Isotomidae was recovered as monophyletic, both Isotominae and Anurophorinae were recovered as paraphyletic. Specifically,
conclusionsOur findings suggest that the current subfamily boundaries are not natural and that key diagnostic traits, such as furcal structure, likely reflect symplesiomorphies or various forms of homoplasy-including convergent evolution, parallelism, and evolutionary reversals-rather than unique synapomorphies defining monophyletic groups. This study provides essential genomic resources and highlights the need for an integrative taxonomic revision of Isotomidae that incorporates both molecular and morphological data, with particular emphasis on redefining subfamilies boundaries and reassessing diagnostic morphological traits.
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