Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41751493›Full record

ArticleCurrent issues in molecular biology2026

Physicochemical and Proteolytic Barriers Limiting Activity of Cpl-1 and Pal Endolysins in Human Circulation.

Marek Adam Harhala, Katarzyna Gembara, Izabela Rybicka, Zuzanna Maria Kaźmierczak, Paulina Miernikiewicz, Krystyna Dąbrowska

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Current issues in molecular biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Marek Adam HarhalaInstitute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-712 Poznan, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-7018-6873
Katarzyna GembaraLaboratory of Phage Molecular Biology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-9233-7345
Izabela RybickaLaboratory of Phage Molecular Biology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-2083-1592
Zuzanna Maria KaźmierczakLaboratory of Phage Molecular Biology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-7220-3518
Paulina MiernikiewiczLaboratory of Phage Molecular Biology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-4592-3741
Krystyna DąbrowskaLaboratory of Phage Molecular Biology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.ORCID 0000-0002-1518-3183

Funding

National Science Centre UMO-2019/35/N/NZ6/02564
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The growing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections poses a serious burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Endolysins are promising candidates for a new type of antibiotic due to their strong bacteriolytic activity. However, important limitations, including reduced activity and short persistence in the bloodstream, must still be addressed. We evaluated the key physicochemical and biological factors limiting the activity and stability of the endolysins Cpl-1 and Pal in blood. The analysis included ionic composition and strength, pH, bystander proteins, physiological temperature, and proteolytic activity. Our results indicate that the aforementioned factors significantly affect Cpl-1 and Pal, suggesting that physiological conditions in human circulation markedly restrict the anti-bacterial potential of endolysins. To overcome these limitations, we designed a set of Cpl-1 and Pal variants with modified amino acid compositions aimed at increasing their resistance to such physiological constraints. One variant demonstrated improved performance in an ex vivo mouse model and lacked a cleavage site for blood proteases.

Indexed as

bacterial infectionsendolysinsenzybiotics

Identifiers

PMID41751493
PMCPMC12938970

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.