Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41751226›Full record

ArticleBiomedicines2026

Development, Fabrication and Application of a Sectioned 3D-Printed Human Nasal Cavity Model for In Vitro Nasal Spray Deposition Studies.

Anže Ličen, Jernej Grmaš, Špela Pelcar, Jurij Trontelj, Timi Gomboc, Matjaž Hriberšek, Gregor Harih

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Biomedicines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Anže LičenDepartment of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.ORCID 0009-0002-4614-5347
Jernej GrmašSandoz Development Center Slovenia, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Špela PelcarLaboratory for Manufacturing Science & Technology Biologics Lendava, Lek d.d., 9220 Lendava, Slovenia.ORCID 0000-0002-2982-309X
Jurij TronteljDepartment of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.ORCID 0000-0002-2558-1425
Timi GombocProcess Engineering and Computational Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
Matjaž HriberšekProcess Engineering and Computational Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.ORCID 0000-0002-4900-5000
Gregor HarihLaboratory for Integrated Product Development and CAD, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.ORCID 0000-0001-8880-4748

Funding

The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency P2-0063The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency Z2-8185
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In vitro models of the human nasal cavity are crucial for understanding the deposition dynamics of nasally administered drugs. Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers a powerful method for creating patient-specific, anatomically precise models for such experimental purposes.

Indexed as

3D printingbiomedical engineeringfused filament fabricationin vitro modelmedical imagingnasal cavity modelnasal cavity model depositionnasal drug deliverynasal spraynasal spray characterizationpolypropylene

Identifiers

PMID41751226
PMCPMC12938445

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.