The Influence of Environmental and Genetic Factors and Training Background on the Welfare of Herding Dogs.

Herding dogs play an important role in the management of herds of sheep and cattle, and their effectiveness depends on various genetic and environmental factors, and the choice of training method. The aim of this study is to explain how these factors determine the effectiveness of herding work, the level of stress and psychological comfort experienced by the dogs, as well as their physical health. The study also examines the choice of training method, the influence of socialisation and relationship with the handler, as well as the living conditions. Information on the welfare of herding dogs and the factors that influence this welfare were obtained based on a search of PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus using defined keywords. Research indicates that positive reinforcement, early socialisation and trust-building with the handler increase performance, reduce behaviour indicative of any stress the dogs may be experiencing, and improve psychological wellbeing. Selective breeding has developed herding predispositions, including herding instinct and cognitive abilities, at the expense of predatory instinct. Understanding the genetic and environmental factors associated with wellbeing, and using ethical training methods benefits both dogs and livestock by allowing herding dogs to fully realise their natural behaviours.