Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41750214›Full record

ArticleBrain sciences2026

Volumetric MRI Markers of Cognitive Impairment in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Cerebellar White Matter Loss, Pallidum Atrophy, and Choroid Plexus Enlargement.

Weronika Galus, Katarzyna Zawiślak-Fornagiel, Julia Wyszomirska, Oskar Bożek, Daniel Ledwoń, Patrycja Romaniszyn-Kania, Aleksandra Tuszy, Joanna Siuda, Andrzej W Mitas

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Brain sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Weronika GalusDepartment of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-6618-7013
Katarzyna Zawiślak-FornagielDepartment of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-3899-1260
Julia WyszomirskaDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-7887-4099
Oskar BożekDepartment of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-4940-499X
Daniel LedwońFaculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-7704-2901
Patrycja Romaniszyn-KaniaFaculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-1689-4347
Aleksandra TuszyFaculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.ORCID 0009-0005-1334-0236
Joanna SiudaDepartment of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.ORCID 0000-0002-0340-660X
Andrzej W MitasFaculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-7833-5845

Funding

Silesian University of Technology 07/010/BK_21/1006 (BK-296/RIB1/2025)
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cognitive impairment (CI) is a common and disabling manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS), yet it remains underdiagnosed in clinical settings. This study aims to identify the volumetric MRI markers of CI in MS patients. A total of 79 MS patients were enrolled; after exclusions, 63 with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and 7 with primary progressive MS were analyzed. All participants underwent neuropsychological testing (CVLT, BVRT, CTT, VFT, VST, and SDMT). Brain volumes were analyzed using FreeSurfer. In RRMS, 59% had CI (35% single-domain, 24% multidomain). Multidomain CI was linked to reduced left cerebellar white matter and bilateral pallidum volumes, slight choroid plexus enlargement, and higher lesion volume versus cognitively preserved patients. Significant correlations were found between brain volumes and cognitive test scores: cerebellar and cerebral white matter, corpus callosum, subcortical gray matter, and thalamus volumes correlated positively with measures of processing speed, memory, and verbal fluency, while higher lesion load and larger choroid plexus volumes were associated with poorer cognitive performance. CI in MS is linked to both global and regional brain atrophy, as well as lesion load. Volumetric MRI, including choroid plexus analysis, may represent candidate imaging correlates of CI; however, longitudinal and externally validated studies are needed to confirm their predictive value and clinical utility.

Indexed as

brain atrophychoroid plexuscognitive impairmentmultiple sclerosisquantitative MRIsilent progression

Identifiers

PMID41750214
PMCPMC12939152

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.