ArticleBioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Peripheral Artery Disease (P.A.D.): Vascular Hemodynamic Simulation Using a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Design.
Article in Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundArterial stenosis produces nonlinear changes in vascular impedance that are challenging to investigate in real time using either benchtop flow phantoms or high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models.
objectiveThis study aimed to develop and evaluate a low-cost printed circuit board (PCB) analog capable of reproducing the hemodynamic effects of progressive arterial stenosis through an R-L-C mapping of vascular mechanics.
methodsA lumped-parameter (0D) electrical network was constructed in which voltage represented pressure, current represented flow, resistance modeled viscous losses, capacitance corresponded to vessel compliance, and inductance represented fluid inertance. A variable resistor simulated focal stenosis and was adjusted incrementally to represent progressive narrowing. Input U
resultsAs simulated stenosis increased, the circuit exhibited a monotonic rise in U
conclusionsThe PCB analog successfully reproduces the characteristic hemodynamic signatures of arterial stenosis in real time and at low cost. The model provides a valuable tool for educational and research applications, offering rapid and intuitive visualization of vascular behavior. Current accuracy reflects assumptions of Newtonian, laminar, and lumped flow; future work will refine calibration, quantify uncertainty, and benchmark results against physiological measurements and full CFD simulations.
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