ArticleBMC infectious diseases2026
Hepatitis delta virus co-infection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and people living with HIV in Nigeria.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionDespite Nigeria’s high burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV), the epidemiological landscape of hepatitis D virus (HDV) remains largely unexplored. Consequently, HDV remains under-recognized as a public health concern, slowing down efforts to improve surveillance and clinical care. We investigated HDV infection among distinct HBV-positive populations in Nigeria, including individuals with chronic HBV infection living with or without HIV and those with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and/or cirrhosis.
methodA cross-sectional study that involved 390 HBV-infected adults recruited from five tertiary-level hospitals in Nigeria. HDV total antibodies (anti-HDV) were determined in 379 samples using an automated chemiluminescent immunoassay. HDV-RNA quantification was performed in all 379 patients. Samples with detectable HDV-RNA were subjected to Sanger sequencing, and results analyzed using bioinformatics tools.
resultsThe overall anti-HDV antibody (HDV-Ab) seroprevalence was 8.1% with a significant difference observed across individual clinical groups: 4.1%, 11.0%, and 15.2% in asymptomatic HBV carriers, HCC/cirrhosis, HIV/HBV co-infection, respectively. Compared with asymptomatic HBV participants, HCC/cirrhosis (adjusted OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.04–7.48) and HIV/HBV (adjusted OR 3.28, 95% CI 1.20–9.25) groups had higher odds of anti-HDV positivity. HDV-RNA was detectable in 22.6% of all anti-HDV positive samples, with viral load ranging from 26.9 IU/mL to 234,000 IU/mL. HDV genotypes 1 and 5 were identified in HDV-RNA detectable samples.
conclusionThis study reveals higher anti-HDV rates in HIV/HBV coinfected individuals and suggests HDV as a significant contributor to liver cancer burden in Nigeria. These findings underscore the need for routine HDV screening among high-risk HBV-infected populations to enhance early detection and guide clinical management.
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