ArticleEnvironment international2026
Long-term temperature exposure and depression incidence in the Nurses' Health Study II, a U.S.-based prospective cohort.
Article in Environment international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Climate Change and Nursing Care in Major Chronic Diseases: A Scoping Review of Nursing Perspectives and Roles.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWhile short-term temperature increases (e.g., daily) have been linked to higher rates of mental health hospitalizations, associations between longer-term temperature (e.g., annual) and mental health, particularly depression, are underexplored. The objective of this study was to examine the association between annual average temperature and depression incidence in a United States cohort.
methodsAfter excluding all participants in the Nurses' Health Study II who reported clinician-diagnosed depression or antidepressant use prior to 2001, we followed 39,339 participants across the study period between 2001 and 2019. We spatially linked 800 m2 annual average temperature estimates from the PRISM model to participants' biennially-updated residential addresses. We defined incident depression as self-report of clinician-diagnosed depression or antidepressant use. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between annual average temperature and incident depression. Models included demographic and lifestyle characteristics as covariates. We performed sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of the observed association to changes in outcome definition.
findingsIn a fully adjusted model, the hazard ratio for the association between annual average temperature and incident depression was 1·06 (1·02, 1·08) per interquartile range (4·9) increase. While this estimate was mildly attenuated in sensitivity analyses considering alternative outcome definitions, the adverse association remained robust. INTERPRETATION AND
fundingOur results suggest that sustained exposure to higher temperatures is associated with chronic depression and other mental health outcomes. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants U01 CA176726, U01 HL145386, and P30 ES000002.
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