ArticleJournal of global health2026
Environmental determinants of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health: interactive roles of air pollution, heat waves, and green spaces.
Article in Journal of global health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome, characterised by linked metabolic, renal, and cardiovascular dysfunctions, confers high cardiovascular risk and represents a major public health concern in China. Environmental exposures such as air pollution, heat waves, and limited greenness may exacerbate cardiometabolic burden. Limited studies evaluated their independent and interactive effects on CVD risk among individuals with CKM syndrome. Methods: We assessed city-level annual environmental exposures using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2011-2018. Specifically, we evaluated the effects of PM Results: Exposure to air pollution (PM and NO Conclusions: Our findings provide novel evidence that multiple environmental stressors interact to influence CVD risk in the CKM population, highlighting the importance of integrated environmental and public health strategies.
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Registered trials
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