ArticleGenetics2026
Canonical and noncanonical Hippo signaling in C. elegans.
Article in Genetics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- RAP-2-independent roles formicroPublication biology · 2026Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
Hippo is the namesake component of a conserved transduction cascade/regulator of tissue homeostasis and development across metazoans. The Ste20-family kinase Hippo/MST activates the NDR-family kinase Warts/LATS to inhibit the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie/YAP/TAZ and its transcription factor partner Scalloped/TEAD. In Caenorhabditis elegans, cell lineages and organ sizes are largely invariant, and classical Hippo phenotypes such as tissue overgrowth are absent. Nevertheless, WTS-1, YAP-1, and the TEAD-like transcription factor EGL-44 form a conserved core module required for larval development past the L2 stage. Crucially, a direct role for Hippo signaling remains unestablished. To address this question, we generated a fluorescently tagged endogenous YAP-1 as a live biomarker of pathway activity. Upon WTS-1 loss, endogenous YAP-1 translocated from cytosol to nucleus in the epithelium and intestine. Tissue-specific depletion revealed that intestinal but not epithelial WTS-1 is essential for progression past L2. The duplicated Hippo-related kinases CST-1 and CST-2 repressed YAP-1 nuclear localization in the epithelium but not the intestine, indicating that intestinal WTS-1 functions without CST-1/2. The Ste20 kinase MIG-15, orthologous to Drosophila Misshapen and mammalian MAP4K4/6/7, was redundant with CST-1/2 for larval progression. Yet deficient MIG-15 uniquely increased YAP-1 abundance without driving nuclear localization. In contrast, the Ste20 kinase GCK-2, orthologous to Drosophila Happyhour and mammalian MAP4K1/2/3/5, had no detectable role. Our findings establish C. elegans as a model for Hippo signaling, with Hippo-dependent and Hippo-independent cascades controlling WTS-1 in epithelia and intestine, respectively. In this context, YAP-1/EGL-44 outputs are repurposed from the conventional association with growth control to nonproliferative developmental functions.
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