ArticleMedical physics2026
A prescription-free, radiobiology-based framework for automated VMAT planning: A feasibility study in primary prostate cancer radiotherapy.
Article in Medical physics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundCurrent VMAT planning workflows for prostate cancer primarily depend on conventional dose-volume criteria specified at discrete dose or volume points. These point-based objectives, however, do not necessarily lead to globally optimal, patient-specific treatment plans. While radiobiological models such as Tumor Control Probability (TCP) and Normal Tissue Complication Probability (NTCP) can provide more meaningful, individualized targets, previous implementations have either employed these for plan evaluation or integrated biological objectives without providing a comprehensive set of deliverable trade-off plans. To date, no prescription-free, automated VMAT planning method has been introduced that generates clinically deliverable, patient-specific Pareto fronts that are biologically interpretable and useful for radiobiological trade-off analysis. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop and clinically evaluate a fully automated, prescription-free VMAT planning framework for primary prostate cancer that generates Pareto-optimal, clinically deliverable treatment plans in radiobiological objective space, constrained by predefined TCP and NTCP levels.
methodsThe proposed framework was implemented within a commercial treatment planning system (TPS). 17 patients with unfavorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer were retrospectively selected for evaluation. For each patient, TCP and NTCP levels were predefined for three target volumes and seven organs at risk (OARs), restricting the optimization to clinically meaningful regions of the solution space. Plan optimization was performed using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to iteratively adjust VMAT parameters, with the complication-free tumor control probability (P
resultsThe proposed prescription-independent planning approach successfully generated individualized pseudo-Pareto fronts for all 17 patients in the radiobiological space of P
conclusionThis study demonstrated the feasibility of a fully automated, prescription-free VMAT planning framework for primary prostate cancer, indicating its potential for future clinical implementation. The proposed framework directly optimized treatment plans in radiobiological objective space, producing Pareto-optimal, clinically deliverable solutions using predefined TCP and NTCP levels. It enables patient-specific trade-off analysis taking into account tumor control and normal tissue complication risk. The work provides a foundation for further development, including the incorporation of geometric uncertainties, acceleration through parallel or GPU-based computation, and application to additional tumor sites.
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