Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41745771›Full record

ArticleToxins2026

Establishing the Kenya National Antivenom Quality Control Laboratory: Preclinical Efficacy Results of Four Antivenoms Against Venoms from the "Big Five" Snake Species in Kenya.

Valentine Musabyimana, John M Kagira, Jacob Lubuya, Caroline W Ngugi, Brian M Musau, Wathuto Ogopotse, Geoffrey Maranga, Dennis Kotti, Pamela M Khasandi, Ezekiel Adino and 6 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Toxins, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Valentine MusabyimanaKenya Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Kenya Institute of Primate Research, Ministry of Health, Karen, Nairobi P.O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya.ORCID 0009-0003-9210-9432
John M KagiraDepartment of Animal Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya.ORCID 0000-0001-5513-2113
Jacob LubuyaKenya Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Kenya Institute of Primate Research, Ministry of Health, Karen, Nairobi P.O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya.ORCID 0009-0003-2795-7451
Caroline W NgugiDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya.ORCID 0000-0002-0998-8217
Brian M MusauKenya Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Kenya Institute of Primate Research, Ministry of Health, Karen, Nairobi P.O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya.
Wathuto OgopotseKenya Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Kenya Institute of Primate Research, Ministry of Health, Karen, Nairobi P.O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya.ORCID 0009-0008-9726-4032
Geoffrey MarangaKenya Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Kenya Institute of Primate Research, Ministry of Health, Karen, Nairobi P.O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya.
Dennis KottiKenya Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Kenya Institute of Primate Research, Ministry of Health, Karen, Nairobi P.O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya.
Pamela M KhasandiKenya Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Kenya Institute of Primate Research, Ministry of Health, Karen, Nairobi P.O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya.
Ezekiel AdinoKenya Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Kenya Institute of Primate Research, Ministry of Health, Karen, Nairobi P.O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya.
Brent C ThomasCentre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-1118-5429
Cassandra M ModahlCentre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-2211-3930
Peter G MwetheraKenya Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Kenya Institute of Primate Research, Ministry of Health, Karen, Nairobi P.O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya.
Robert A HarrisonCentre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
Nicholas R CasewellCentre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-8035-4719
George O OluochKenya Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Kenya Institute of Primate Research, Ministry of Health, Karen, Nairobi P.O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya.ORCID 0000-0001-9857-953X

Funding

National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Global Health Research Group award 16/137/114UK Foreign Commonwealth & Development Office #300341-115Wellcome Trust #223619/Z/21/Z
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Antivenom administration is currently the only therapy for snakebite envenoming. However, in sub-Saharan Africa, inadequate quality control systems have led to deficits in the availability, accessibility, efficacy and safety of regionally available antivenoms, which, in turn, hinder snakebite treatment and management in the region. To address this impediment to snakebite treatment in Kenya, this study aimed to assess the preclinical neutralising potencies of four different antivenoms previously or currently available in Kenya (SAIMR polyvalent, AFRIVEN, PANAF-Premium

Indexed as

antivenomBitis arietansDendroaspis polylepisNaja asheiNaja nigricollisNaja pallidaquality controlsnakebite

Identifiers

PMID41745771
PMCPMC12945176

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.