AACNN-ViT: Adaptive Attention-Augmented Convolutional and Vision Transformer Fusion for Lung Cancer Detection.

Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Although reliable multiclass classification of lung lesions from CT imaging is essential for early diagnosis, it remains challenging due to subtle inter-class differences, limited sample sizes, and class imbalance. We propose an Adaptive Attention-Augmented Convolutional Neural Network with Vision Transformer (AACNN-ViT), a hybrid framework that integrates local convolutional representations with global transformer embeddings through an adaptive attention-based fusion module. The CNN branch captures fine-grained spatial patterns, the ViT branch encodes long-range contextual dependencies, and the adaptive fusion mechanism learns to weight cross-representation interactions to improve discriminability. To reduce the impact of imbalance, a hybrid objective that combines focal loss with categorical cross-entropy is incorporated during training. Experiments on the IQ-OTH/NCCD dataset (benign, malignant, and normal) show consistent performance progression in an ablation-style evaluation: CNN-only, ViT-only, CNN-ViT concatenation, and AACNN-ViT. The proposed AACNN-ViT achieved 96.97% accuracy on the validation set with macro-averaged precision/recall/F1 of 0.9588/0.9352/0.9458 and weighted F1 of 0.9693, substantially improving minority-class recognition (Benign recall 0.8333) compared with CNN-ViT (accuracy 89.09%, macro-F1 0.7680). One-vs.-rest ROC analysis further indicates strong separability across all classes (micro-average AUC 0.992). These results suggest that adaptive attention-based fusion offers a robust and clinically relevant approach for computer-aided lung cancer screening and decision support.