ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
HBV reactivation during immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: risk factors and clinical management.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBVr) poses a serious clinical challenge and potentially life-threatening complication in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), particularly amid the expanding use of modern immunotherapeutic agents. Despite progress in antiviral prophylaxis and refined risk-stratification strategies, HBVr continues to compromise treatment efficacy and survival outcomes, especially in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, or combination regimens. This review comprehensively synthesizes current evidence on the virological foundations, clinical risk factors, and immunopathological mechanisms underpinning HBVr during HCC treatment, emphasizing the pivotal roles of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) persistence and treatment-induced immune dysregulation. We further examine the comprehensive evidence of risk factors in HBVr, including various treatments for HCC. We also reviewed the clinical consequences of HBVr, including acute hepatocellular injury, unplanned treatment discontinuations, and adverse long-term HCC prognosis. Evidence-based management approaches, such as universal serological screening, individualized antiviral prophylaxis, and multidisciplinary coordination, are detailed to effectively reduce reactivation risk. Finally, we discuss emerging therapeutic strategies, including HBV-specific cellular therapies and innovative siRNA-based and immunostimulatory cytokine delivery platforms, which offer promising avenues for eradicating viral reservoirs and restoring immune surveillance.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.