ArticleJournal of veterinary internal medicine2026
Training and race-induced coordination of oxidative stress markers in racehorses: insights from multivariate and univariate analyses.
Article in Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundOxidative stress is a major physiological challenge in racehorses and may be modulated through training-induced adaptation. HYPOTHESIS/
objectivesRepeated exercise will induce not only biomarker-specific changes but also will enhance coordination between oxidative and antioxidative responses in racehorses. ANIMALS: Thirty-one clinically healthy racehorses (9 Thoroughbreds, 22 Arabians; 12 mares, 19 stallions) from a single training center.
methodsProspective cohort study. Serum concentrations of oxidative stress markers (advanced oxidation protein products [AOPPs], superoxide dismutase [SOD], total antioxidant capacity [TAOC], and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay before and 30 min after standardized exercise at 3 time points: early training (T1), post-training (T2), and after a race (R). Univariate analysis assessed fold changes (FC), principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical clustering were used to examine inter-marker coordination. The primary outcome was systemic redox adaptation over time.
resultsPost-exercise, AOPP, and SOD increased (median log-fold change, 0.13 and 0.05; approximately 1.14× and 1.05×; P = .03 and P = .01), whereas TBARS and TAOC showed no significant univariate changes. Superoxide dismutase responses were larger after races than after training (P < .05). Principal component analysis and correlation matrices identified enhanced post-exercise coordination among TBARS, SOD and TAOC (eg, TBARS-SOD r = 071), whereas AOPP remained weakly correlated, consistent with distinct regulatory dynamics. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Structured training and racing were associated with a post-exercise reorganization of the redox profile (tighter coupling among SOD, TAOC and TBARS) with AOPP remaining relatively independent. These data strengthen existing evidence for training-related redox adaptation and highlight the added value of multivariate analysis for capturing inter-marker coordination beyond univariate trends.
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