ArticleBMC microbiology2026
Exploring the efficacy of new potential bio-insecticides produced by Penicillium oxalicum against Culex pipiens larvae.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundSynthetic insecticides are major contributors to environmental pollution and the emergence of resistance. Fungal-derived metabolites are known to be environmentally friendly, selective alternatives. Thus, in the context of a green environment, this study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal activity of a mangrove-associated endophytic Penicillium oxalicum (OQ231606.1) against Culex pipiens using a larval mortality bioassay and molecular docking.
resultsThe culture filtrate extract of the examined P. oxalicum OQ231606.1 strain caused up to 80% mortality (optimized to 99.98%). Metabolite production conditions were optimized using a full factorial design followed by a central composite design. Optimum conditions were pH 6, 1.2 × 106 spores/mL inoculum, 28 °C, for 20 days. Physcion and deoxybrevianamide E, two bioactive compounds with newly reported biolarvicidal activity, were isolated from the fungal extract and structurally elucidated via NMR spectroscopy. C. pipiens third-instar larvae treated with various concentrations of these compounds showed increased mortality with increasing concentrations. Notably, deoxybrevianamide E was more potent, with an LC₅₀ value less than 1 µg/mL at 48 h (LC50 = 0.84 µg/mL vs. Physcion’s = 12.64 µg/mL). Docking analysis revealed potential insect receptors interacting with candidate compounds, showing deoxybrevianamide E and okaramine B (control) share the same active site, targeting glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) with binding affinities of − 9.5 Kcal/mol and − 9.1 Kcal/mol, respectively. Whereas physcion and emodin (control) target acetylcholinesterase (AChE), with binding affinities of − 8.5 Kcal/mol and − 8.9 Kcal/mol, respectively.
conclusionThis study highlights P. oxalicum OQ231606.1 as a sustainable reservoir for bioinsecticide development, identifying physcion and deoxybrevanamide E as bioactive compounds with newly reported biolarvicidal activity that represent promising candidates for green vector control strategies.
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