ArticleHealth economics review2026
Understanding recent dynamics: prosperity and longevity in Ghana.
Article in Health economics review, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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5 authors.
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Abstract
This study provides the first simultaneous estimation of prosperity (per capita income) and longevity (life expectancy) in Ghana using a recursive bivariate Conditional Mixed Process (CMP) model on World Development Indicators (WDI) data (2000–2022). CMP is uniquely suited to address endogeneity and bidirectional causality via cross-equation error correlation, outperforming single-equation approaches in structural systems (Roodman, Am J Clin Nutr 103:495–504, 2011). Results confirm a robust positive prosperity–longevity nexus: a $1,000 rise in per capita income increases life expectancy by 0.091 years (p < 0.001). Prosperity is driven by capital formation (+ $2 per $1 invested), broad money/reserves ratio (+ $75 per 1% rise), and employment (+ $83 per 1 percentage point rise), but dampened by birth rate (–$180 per 1/1,000 rise). Longevity faces counterintuitive pressures: health expenditure (–0.034 years per $1 per capita) and CO₂ emissions (–0.158 years per 1,000 kt) reduce life expectancy, while sanitation access (+ 1.11 years per 1 percentage point) and employment (+ 0.119 years per 1 percentage point) enhance it—reflecting inefficiency (Novignon et al., 2012) and social capital in high-fertility contexts (Agyemang and Gyambiby, AJMRD 7:1–10, 2025). Policy priorities: (1) target capital efficiency via FDI incentives; (2) reallocate health budgets to primary care and rural access; (3) enforce CO₂ caps in industry; (4) scale sanitation to safely managed standards. These Ghana-specific levers offer higher marginal gains in longevity per cedi spent than generic growth strategies.
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