ArticleMarine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.)2026
A Multi-omics Atlas of Gonadal Sex Differences and Characterization of the dmrt1 Gene in Gymnocypris Eckloni Herzenstein.
Article in Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Gymnocypris eckloni Herzenstein (G. eckloni), an economically important species within the subfamily Schizothoracinae, exhibits significant sexual dimorphism, rendering all-female aquaculture highly profitable. However, the molecular mechanisms governing sex regulation in this species remain poorly understood. This study employed integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of mature male and female gonads to uncover sex-related differences in G. eckloni. Metabolomic profiling in both positive (POS) and negative (NEG) ion modes revealed distinct metabolite profiles, identifying 204 and 261 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs), respectively. These DEMs were enriched in key pathways such as glycerophospholipid metabolism (POS) and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (NEG). Transcriptome sequencing revealed 18,687 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including prominent sex-related genes such as dmrt1, foxl2, and sox9b. Integrated KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs and DEMs highlighted shared pathways, including biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and parathyroid hormone synthesis, secretion and action. Among the DEGs, we focused on “dmrt1”, a gene widely associated with male gonad development in vertebrates. Our analysis revealed that its coding sequence (CDS) is 780 bp, encoding 260 amino acid residues. Phylogenetic and structural analyses confirmed the evolutionary conservation of dmrt1 among teleosts. qRT-PCR results indicated significantly higher dmrt1 expression in testes compared to other tissues (P < 0.05). Chemical in situ hybridization (CISH) localized dmrt1 mRNA primarily to spermatogonia. Hormonal treatments revealed that dmrt1 expression was significantly upregulated in both female and male gonads following methyltestosterone (MT) injection, peaking at 24 h (P < 0.05), whereas estradiol (E2) treatment led to downregulation. These findings enhance our understanding of sex-related biology in G. eckloni, providing valuable insights for potential sex control strategies in aquaculture and advancing sex differentiation studies in Schizothoracinae fishes.
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