Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41738686›Full record

Trial reportThe science of diabetes self-management and care2026

Comparing the Effects of Diabetes-Specific and Overall Medication Regimen Complexity on Diabetes Distress.

Kaye Min Teo, Ryan J Shaw, Anastasia-Stefania Alexopoulos, Gina Pennington, Daniel Hatch, Qing Yang, Matthew J Crowley

Registry-linked trialAbstract readComparative StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph

Trial report in The science of diabetes self-management and care, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05120544 (Expanding Technology-Enabled Nurse Delivered Chronic Disease Care), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05120544 nacompletednot on this map

Expanding Technology-Enabled Nurse Delivered Chronic Disease Care

TypeinterventionalSponsorDuke UniversityRan2022 to 2025Enrolled220ConditionsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2, HypertensionArmsEXTEND Plus, EXTEND
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Kaye Min TeoDuke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.ORCID 0009-0007-3027-6525
Ryan J ShawSchool of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.ORCID 0000-0001-6800-6503
Anastasia-Stefania AlexopoulosDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.ORCID 0000-0002-0690-1526
Gina PenningtonSchool of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
Daniel HatchSchool of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
Qing YangSchool of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.ORCID 0000-0003-4844-4690
Matthew J CrowleyDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.ORCID 0000-0002-6205-4536

Funding

EXpanding Technology-Enabled, Nurse-Delivered Chronic Disease Care (EXTEND)R01NR019594 · NINR · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI CROWLEY, MATTHEW J., SHAW, RYAN JEFFREY · 2021 to 2025
$3.4M
NINR NIH HHS R01 NR019594
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the association between diabetes-specific and overall medication regimen complexity and diabetes distress among adults with type 2 diabetes.

methodsThis study examined data from 220 patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension and persistently elevated A1C, who were recruited for a remote monitoring-enabled telehealth trial (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT05120544). Chart review was performed to obtain prescription data to determine medication regimen complexity using the validated medication regimen complexity index. Multiple regression models were used to investigate the link between regimen complexity and Diabetes Distress Scale and subscale scores, adjusting for sociodemographic variables and comorbidities.

resultsStudy sample was 64% women, 68% Black, with a mean age of 54.5. The mean A1C was 9.8% (84 mmol/mol), and 63% reported moderate to high distress. The study population was prescribed a mean of 2.9 diabetes medications and 11.5 overall long-term medications. The mean diabetes-specific and overall Medication Regimen Complexity Index were 11.5 and 30.2, respectively. No statistically significant associations between diabetes-specific or overall medication regimen complexity and diabetes distress were identified. Overall medication regimen complexity was negatively associated with regimen-related diabetes distress. Medication regimen complexity did not significantly impact the association between diabetes distress and A1C.

conclusionsParticipants with high overall medication regimen complexity had lower regimen-related diabetes distress. Further studies are needed to evaluate associations between medication regimen complexity and diabetes distress while ensuring sufficient statistical power.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2HypertensionHypoglycemic AgentsPsychological DistressStress, PsychologicalAdultAgedFemaleGlycated HemoglobinHumansMaleMiddle AgedGlycated HemoglobinHypoglycemic Agents

Identifiers

PMID41738686
PMCPMC13534725

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.