Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41738077›Full record

ArticleJournal of internal medicine2026

Epigenetic analyses suggest different pathways during pregnancy for development of type 1 diabetes in children with high versus low-neutral human leukocyte antigen-risk.

Shamila D Alipoor, Angelica Ahrens, Julia Åkesson, Thomas Hillerton, Mika Gustafsson, Maria Lerm, Johnny Ludvigsson

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Article in Journal of internal medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Shamila D AlipoorDivision of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
Angelica AhrensMicrobiology and Cell Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
Julia ÅkessonDivision of Bioinformatics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
Thomas HillertonDivision of Bioinformatics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
Mika GustafssonDivision of Bioinformatics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
Maria LermDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5092-9892
Johnny LudvigssonDivision of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-5234

Funding

Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden (FORSS); JDRF Wallenberg Foundation
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

objectiveThe development of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is shaped by genetic predisposition and epigenetic regulation. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) risk alleles are major genetic determinants, but the epigenetic landscape in relation to disease onset remains unclear. Early-life epigenetic modifications may reveal how environmental and epigenetic factors interact in T1D pathogenesis.

methodsWe investigated epigenetic differences in cord blood DNA from individuals with different HLA risk alleles who later developed T1D using epigenome-wide association studies.

resultHigh-risk HLA carriers showed differentially methylated genes (DMGs) mainly involved in immune and autoimmune processes, resembling patterns in other autoimmune diseases. In contrast, low-to-neutral risk carriers exhibited DMGs linked to signaling cascades, metabolic pathways, and Type 2 diabetes-related mechanisms such as beta cell function and insulin signaling.

conclusionThese findings indicate that heterogeneity in T1D pathogenetic mechanisms based on HLA background may influence disease development.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1Epigenesis, GeneticHLA AntigensChildDNA MethylationFemaleFetal BloodGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansMalePregnancyHLA Antigensautoimmune diseasesepigenomicshuman leukocyte antigen (HLA) antigensType 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D)Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D)

Identifiers

PMID41738077
PMCPMC13061103

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.