SynthesisFrontiers in physiology2025
Dose-response relationships of sand training compared to other surface training in improving change of direction and jump performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in physiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: Change of direction (COD) and jump performance are critical for success in many sports. Sand training, utilizing an unstable surface, is believed to improve these abilities, but its effectiveness compared to hard-surface training remains unclear. This study aims to compare the effects of sand training versus hard-surface training on COD and jump performance. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Data were analyzed using Stata 15 and RevMan. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. Results: Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. No publication bias was detected (p > 0.05). Sand training showed greater effectiveness than hard-surface training in the T-test (SMD = -0.80, p = 0.04) and standing long jump (SLJ) (SMD = 0.85, p = 0.004). For the T-test, training programs longer than 6 weeks (SMD = -1.19, p = 0.007), with 3 sessions per week (SMD = -1.15, p = 0.01), and sessions lasting less than 40 min (SMD = -1.10, p = 0.01) yielded better results. For SLJ, programs lasting over 6 weeks (SMD = 1.42, p = 0.05) with more than 3 sessions per week (SMD = 1.04, p = 0.003) were more effective. Trained individuals showed greater improvements in the T-test (SMD = -1.44, p = 0.002), while untrained individuals demonstrated more significant improvements in the SLJ (SMD = 0.68, p = 0.005). Conclusion: Sand training enhances COD ability and horizontal jump performance more effectively than training on hard surfaces. No significant differences were found between surfaces for countermovement jump or squat jump. For COD, training programs exceeding 6 weeks, with 3 weekly sessions lasting under 40 min, yielded better outcomes. For horizontal jump performance, training with at least 3 sessions per week for over 6 weeks proved most effective. Trained individuals benefitted more in COD ability, whereas untrained individuals saw greater improvement in horizontal jump performance. Systematic Review Registration: Identifier CRD420251160919.
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